Pulp and paper

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an essential tool for investigating the microscopic morphology of handcrafted paper, enabling the detection of fine fibre structures and surface characteristics. Handcrafted paper is examined using the NANOS tabletop SEM in both low and high vacuum modes. Additionally, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the paper.